Bahasa: jendela jati diri

Saat ini bahasa tidak hanya dipandang dan digunakan sebagai objek/alat berpikir manusia, melainkan juga dapat diperlakukan sebagai subjek yang membicarakan segala aktivitas manusia. Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) menggambarkan kaitan antara bahasa, berfikir, dan bertindak. Menurutnya bahasa mengategorisasikan alam untuk seseorang. Secara sederhana, berpikir (thinking) dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses mental yang terjadi dalam benak (mind) seseorang untuk menghasilkan pikiran (thought) berupa pengetahuan (knowledge). Menurut Sapir dan Whorf (1929) terdapat hubungan antara bahasa dengan pikiran. Kaitan bahasa dan berpikir ini dikenal sebagai fenomena relativitas bahasa, linguistic relativity. Secara ekstrim pandangan kaitan struktur bahasa dan berpikir muncul dalam bentuk linguistic determinism, yaitu struktur bahasa mengendalikan kemampuan berpikir.

Berbeda dengan pandangan Whorf, Yule berpendapat yang menurutnya lebih masuk akal adalah versi lunak (weak version), dari isu relativitas bahasa; yaitu sampai sejauh tertentu, karena faktor budaya, seseorang dapat memahami dunia melalui kategori yang sudah digariskan bahasa. Hal itu berarti bahwa saat seseorang ingin mengungkapkan pikirannya melalui bahasa, tetap dia yang mengendalikannya dengan menggunakan tanda dan struktur bahasa yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor yang salah satunya adalah faktor budaya. Dalam konteks seperti itu, jati diri seseorang terefleksi dalam bahasanya.

Sumber:
Bahasa dan Pikiran, Dadang Sudana
Bahasa, Berbahasa, dan Kekinian, Dadang Sudana

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